简明目录
第 1章财务报表 1
第 2章交易分析 59
第 3章权责发生制和收入计量 111
第 4章内部控制和现金管理 177
第 5章应收款项和收益 216
第 6章存货和销售成本 260
第 7章固定资产、自然资源和无形资产 310
第 8章流动负债和或有负债 366
第 9章长期负债 392
第10章股东权益 437
第11章现金流量表 500
第12章财务报表分析 562
附录A苹果公司2022年度报告 633
附录B不同类型企业的典型会计图表 633
附录C公认会计原则（GAAP）摘要 633
附录D美国公认会计原则（GAAP）与国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的差异 633
附录E投资 633
附录F货币的时间价值 633
Brief Contents
Preface xii
Chapter 1 Financial Statements .1
Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis.59
Chapter 3 Accrual Accounting and Income 111
Chapter 4 Internal Control and Cash.177
Chapter 5 Receivables and Revenue.216
Chapter 6 Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold .260
Chapter 7 Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangibles310
Chapter 8 Current and Contingent Liabilities366
Chapter 9 Long-Term Liabilities392
Chapter 10 Stockholders’ Equity437
Chapter 11 Statement of Cash Flows 500
Chapter 12 Financial Statement Analysis.562
APPENDIX A Apple Inc.Annual Report 2022.633
APPENDIX B Typical Charts of Accounts for Different Types of Businesses .633
APPENDIX C Summary of U.S.Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) .633
APPENDIX D Summary of Differences between U.S.GAAP and IFRS Cross Referenced to Chapter 633
APPENDIX E Investments 633
APPENDIX F Time Value of Money633
Preface xii
Chapter 1 Financial Statements 1
Spotlight: The Walt Disney Company 1
Explain Why Accounting Is Critical to Businesses 2
Describe the Decision Makers Who Use Accounting 2
Describe the Two Types of Accounting
and Who Uses Each Type 3
Explain How Businesses Are Organized 3
Explain and Apply Underlying Accounting Concepts,
Assumptions, and Principles 5
The Entity Assumption 6
The Continuity (Going-Concern) Assumption 7
The Historical Cost Principle 7
The Stable-Monetary-Unit Assumption 7
Apply the Accounting Equation to Business
Organizations 8
Assets and Liabilities 9
Equity 10
Construct Financial Statements and Analyze
the Relationships Among Them 11
The Income Statement 12
The Statement of Retained Earnings 14
The Balance Sheet 15
Evaluate Business Decisions Ethically 21
Association of International Certified Professional
Accountants Code of Professional Conduct 23
Decision Guidelines 23
Evaluate Environmental, Social, and Governance
Practices 24
Definitions 24
Reasons Why ESG Reporting Is Important 24
Incorporating Sustainability into Missions and More 24
Other ESG Terms 25
ESG Reporting Frameworks 25
ESG Report Comparability and Reliability 25
Third-Party Assurance for ESG Reports 25
Examples of ESG Measures 26
Ratios for Comparing Companies of Different Sizes 26
Comparing Companies of Different Sizes Example 26
Ways Accountants Can Support ESG Efforts 26
Careers in Accounting 26
Professional Accounting Certifications 28
Identify Tools and Technologies Used in Accounting
and Business 30
Spreadsheets 30
Data Analytics 30
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning 30
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) 30
Technology Risks 31
Introduction to Excel 31
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 32
Chapter 2 Transaction Analysis 59
Spotlight: The Walt Disney Company Records
Millions of Transactions a Year! 59
Recognize a Business Transaction and the Various Types
of Accounts in Which It Can Be Recorded 60
Assets 60
Liabilities 61
Stockholders’ Equity 61
Analyze the Impact of Business Transactions
on the Accounting Equation 62
Example: Alladin Travel, Inc.62
Transactions and Financial Statements 66
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 68
Analyze the Impact of Business Transactions
on Accounts 70
The T-Account 70
Increases and Decreases in the Accounts: The Rules
of Debit and Credit 70
Additional Stockholders’ Equity Accounts: Revenues
and Expenses 71
Journalize Transactions and Post Journal Entries to
the Ledger 73
Posting from the Journal to the Ledger 73
The Flow of Accounting Data 74
Accounts After Posting to the Ledger 79
Construct a Trial Balance 80
Analyzing Accounts 80
Correcting Accounting Errors 81
Chart of Accounts 81
The Normal Balance of an Account 82
Describe Machine Learning and Its Applications
in Accounting and Business 83
Decision Guidelines 83
Types of Machine Learning 84
Machine Learning in Accounting Example 85
What Programming Languages Are Used for
Machine Learning? 85
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 86
Chapter 3 Accrual Accounting and Income 111
Spotlight: September Is Busy at Walt Disney World
Headquarters 111
Explain How Accrual Accounting Differs from Cash-Basis
Accounting 112
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Require Accrual Accounting 112
The Time-Period Concept 113
Apply the Revenue and Expense Recognition
Principles 113
The Revenue Principle 113
The Expense Recognition Principle 114
Adjust the Accounts 115
Which Accounts Need to Be Updated (Adjusted)? 115
Categories of Adjusting Entries 116
Prepaid Expenses 117
Depreciation of Plant Assets 119
Accrued Expenses 121
Accrued Revenues 122
Unearned Revenues 123
Summary of the Adjusting Process 124
The Adjusted Trial Balance 127
Construct the Financial Statements 127
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 129
Close the Books 133
Classifying Assets and Liabilities 134
Reporting Assets and Liabilities: The Walt Disney
Company 135
Formats for the Financial Statements 135
Analyze and Evaluate a Company’s Debt-Paying Ability 137
Net Working Capital 137
Current Ratio 138
Debt Ratio 138
How Do Transactions Affect the Ratios? 138
Decision Guidelines 141
Describe Data Visualization and Two Basic
Chart Types 142
Data Visualization Makes It Easier to Spot Patterns
and Trends 142
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 144
Chapter 4 Internal Control and Cash 177
Spotlight: Cooking the Books at Green Valley Coffee
Company: $10 Million Is a Lot of Beans! 177
Describe Fraud and Its Impact 178
Fraud and Ethics 179
Explain the Objectives and Components
of Internal Control 180
The Components of Internal Control 181
Internal Control Procedures 182
Information Technology 184
Safeguard Controls 185
Internal Controls for E-Commerce 185
Security Measures 185
Evaluate Internal Controls Over Cash Receipts
and Cash Payments 186
Cash Receipts Over the Counter 186
Cash Receipts by Mail 187
Controls Over Payments Made by Check or EFT 187
The Limitations of Internal Control—Costs
and Benefits 189
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 189
Prepare a Bank Reconciliation 191
Signature Card 191
Deposit Ticket 191
Check 191
Bank Statement 192
Bank Reconciliation 192
Preparing the Bank Reconciliation 193
Online Banking 196
Report Cash on the Balance Sheet 197
Describe Unsupervised Machine Learning and Its
Application to Expense Reimbursement Fraud
Detection 197
Types of Expense Reimbursement Fraud Schemes 198
Machine Learning for Fraud Detection 198
Why Use Machine Learning to Detect Fraud? 199
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 199
Chapter 5 Receivables and Revenue 216
Spotlight: Apple’s Accounts Receivable Are Small
Compared to the Company’s Net Sales Revenue
and Are Mostly Collectible 216
Apply Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) for Proper Revenue Recognition 217
Shipping Terms 219
Collection 219
Speeding Up the Cash Flow from Sales 220
Account for Sales Returns and Allowances 220
Account for Sales Discounts 221
Disclosure of Net Revenues on the Income Statement 222
Account for Accounts Receivable 223
Types of Receivables 223
Managing and Accounting for Receivables 224
Evaluate Collectibility Using the Allowance
for Bad Debts 225
Allowance Method 226
Direct Write-Off Method 230
Computing Cash Collections from Customers 231
Account for Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue 232
Accounting for Notes Receivable 232
Evaluate Liquidity Using Three New Ratios 234
Quick (Acid-Test) Ratio 234
Accounts Receivable Turnover and Days’ Sales
Outstanding 235
Analyze Receivables Collectibility Using an Aging
Schedule Created with an Excel Pivot Table 236
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 237
Chapter 6 Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 260
Spotlight: Under Armour, Inc.’s, Performance
Turns Around 260
Show How to Account for Inventory 262
Sales Price versus Cost of Inventory 263
Periodic Versus Perpetual Inventory Systems 265
Apply and Compare Various Inventory Cost Methods 268
Apply the Various Inventory Costing Methods 268
Compare the Effects of the FIFO, LIFO, and
Average-Cost Methods on Gross Profit and
Ending Inventory 271
The Tax Advantage of LIFO 272
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 273
Explain and Apply Underlying U.S.GAAP
for Inventory 274
Disclosure Principle 274
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market Rule 275
Calculate and Evaluate Gross Profit (Margin)
Percentage, Inventory Turnover, and Days’
Inventory Outstanding (DIO) 277
Gross Profit Percentage 277
Inventory Turnover and Days’ Inventory
Outstanding (DIO) 278
Use the Cost-of-Goods-Sold (COGS) Model to Make
Management Decisions 279
Calculating Budgeted Purchases 280
Estimating Inventory Using the Gross Profit Method 280
Analyze Effects of Inventory Errors 281
Analyze Inventory Records Using the XLOOKUP
Function in Excel 283
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 284
Chapter 7 Plant Assets, Natural Resources,
and Intangibles 310
Spotlight: FedEx Corporation 310
Explain How to Account for the Cost of Plant Assets 312
Land 312
Buildings, Machinery, and Equipment 313
Land Improvements and Leasehold Improvements 313
Lump-Sum (or Basket) Purchases of Assets 313
Distinguish a Capital Expenditure from
an Immediate Expense 314
Explain How to Account for Depreciation
on Plant Assets 316
How to Measure Depreciation 317
Depreciation Methods 317
Comparing Depreciation Methods 320
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 321
Other Issues in Accounting for Plant Assets 323
Depreciation for Partial Years 324
Changing the Useful Life of a Depreciable Asset 325
Fully Depreciated Assets 326
Analyze the Effect of A Plant Asset Disposal 326
Disposing of a Fully Depreciated Asset for
No Proceeds 326
Selling a Plant Asset 327
Exchanging a Plant Asset 328
T-Accounts for Analyzing Plant Asset Transactions 329
Apply GAAP for Natural Resources
and Intangible Assets 331
Accounting for Natural Resources 331
Accounting for Intangible Assets 332
Accounting for Specific Intangibles 332
Accounting for Research and Development Costs 334
Explain the Effect of an Asset Impairment
on the Financial Statements 334
Analyze the Rate of Return on Assets 336
DuPont Analysis: A More Detailed View of ROA 337
Analyze the Cash Flow Impact of Long-Lived
Asset Transactions 338
Calculate Depreciation Expense Using
Excel Functions 340
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 342
Chapter 8 Current and Contingent Liabilities 366
Spotlight: Amazon.com Moves a Lot of Merchandise
and Incurs Many Liabilities 366
Distinguish Between Current and Long-Term Liabilities 367
Account for Accounts Payable and Analyze
Accounts Payable Turnover 368
Accounts Payable Turnover 368
Account for Notes Payable and Accrued Interest 369
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt 370
Account for Accrued Liabilities and Unearned Revenue 370
Accrued Liabilities 371
Unearned Revenues 373
Account for Contingent Liabilities 374
Describe How Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Can Help with the Accounts Payable Process 375
Deploying a Bot for Accounts Payable Processes 375
Identifying Suitable RPA Process Candidates 376
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 376
Chapter 9 Long-Term Liabilities 392
Spotlight: Southwest Airlines Is Flying High 392
Account for Bonds Payable and Interest Expense with
Straight-Line Amortization 393
Issuing Bonds Payable at Par (Face Value) 395
Issuing Bonds Payable at a Discount 397
Issuing Bonds Payable at a Premium 398
Account for Bonds Payable and Interest Expense with
Effective-Interest Amortization 400
Issuing Bonds Payable at a Discount 400
Interest Expense on Bonds Issued at a Discount 401
Issuing Bonds Payable at a Premium 403
Account for Other Features of Bonds Payable 406
Accounting for Partial-Period Interest Amounts 406
Retiring Bonds Payable Before Their Maturity 407
Accounting for Convertible Bonds and Notes 407
Describe Other Long-Term Liabilities 408
Deferred Income Taxes 408
Air Traffic Liability 410
Leases 410
Analyze the Impact of Leverage on the Financial
Statements 411
The Leverage Ratio 411
The Times-Interest-Earned Ratio 412
Report Long-Term Liabilities on the Financial
Statements 413
Reporting on the Balance Sheet 413
Disclosing the Fair Value of Long-Term Debt 413
Describe How Scenario Analysis Tools Can Help
Companies Comply with Debt Covenants 414
What-If Analysis Scenario Manager Example 415
Interpretation of the Results 416
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 417
Chapter 10 Stockholders’ Equity 437
Spotlight: Southwest Airlines: Building through
Profitable Operations and Equity 437
Explain the Features of a Corporation 438
Organizing a Corporation 439
Stockholders’ Rights 440
Stockholders’ Equity 440
Classes of Stock 441
Account for the Issuance of Stock 442
Common Stock 442
How an “Other Than Cash” Stock Issuance
Can Create an Ethical Challenge 445
Preferred Stock 446
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 447
Authorized, Issued, and Outstanding Stock 448
Explain How Treasury Stock Affects a Company 449
How Is Treasury Stock Recorded? 449
Retirement of Treasury Stock 450
Resale of Treasury Stock 450
Issuing Stock to Employees 451
Summary of Treasury-Stock Transactions 451
Account for Retained Earnings, Dividends,
and Stock Splits 452
Should the Company Declare and Pay
Cash Dividends? 452
Cash Dividends 452
Analyzing the Retained Earnings Account 453
Dividends on Preferred Stock 454
Stock Dividends 455
Stock Splits 456
Summary of the Effects on Assets, Liabilities,
and Stockholders’ Equity 457
Evaluate a Company’s Performance using New Ratios 457
ROE: Relating Profitability to Stockholder Investment 457
Earnings Per Share (EPS) 459
Effect of Equity Financing on EPS 460
Market Capitalization and the Price-Earnings Ratio 461
Report Stockholders’ Equity Transactions
in the Financial Statements 462
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 463
A Detailed Stockholders’ Equity Section of the Balance
Sheet 464
Describe Appropriate Formatting for Financial
Statements 466
What Are General Guidelines for Formatting Financial
Statements? 467
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 470
Chapter 11 Statement of Cash Flows 500
Spotlight: Google: The Ultimate Answer (and Cash)
Machine 500
Identify the Purposes of the Statement
of Cash Flows 502
How’s Your Cash Flow? Telltale Signs
of Financial Difficulty 503
Distinguish Among Operating, Investing,
and Financing Activities 503
Two Formats for Operating Activities 504
Prepare a Statement of Cash Flows Using
the Indirect Method 505
Cash Flows from Operating Activities 507
Cash Flows from Investing Activities 509
Cash Flows from Financing Activities 511
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities 514
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 514
Prepare A Statement of Cash Flows Using
the Direct Method 517
Cash Flows from Operating Activities 520
Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization Expense 521
Cash Flows from Investing Activities 521
Cash Flows from Financing Activities 521
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities 522
Computing Operating Cash Flows Using
the Direct Method 522
Computing Investing and Financing Cash Flows 527
Measuring Cash Adequacy: Free Cash Flow 527
Describe and Apply the Excel Quick Analysis Button
to Visualize Data 527
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 532
Chapter 12 Financial Statement Analysis 562
Spotlight: Evaluating Under Armour, Inc., and
Apple Inc.Using Different Financial Analysis Tools 562
Perform an Industry and Company Analysis 563
Perform a Horizontal Analysis 565
Trend Percentages 568
Perform a Vertical Analysis 568
Prepare Common-Size Financial Statements 570
Benchmarking 571
Benchmarking Against a Key Competitor 571
Mid-Chapter Summary Problem 572
Use Ratios to Make Business Decisions
Remember to Start at the Beginning: Company and Industry Information 573
Now Let’s Do the Numbers 575
Measuring the Ability to Pay Current Liabilities 575
Measuring Turnover and the Cash Conversion Cycle 576
Measuring Leverage: The Overall Ability to Pay Debts 579
Measuring Profitability 580
Analyzing Stock as an Investment 584
The Limitations of Ratio Analysis 585
Evaluate the Quality of Earnings 585
An Audit Adds Credibility to Financial Statements 586
Red Flags in Financial Statement Analysis 587
Efficient Markets 587
Identify Reasons for Analyzing ESG Factors
and Ways to Assess ESG Performance in
the Financial Analysis of a Company 588
Reasons to Consider ESG Factors When Analyzing
a Company’s Performance 588
Ways to Analyze ESG Performance 589
Describe the Required Skills, Education, and Career
Opportunities for Accounting Professionals Working
in Financial Accounting Roles 590
Skills Needed by Accounting Professionals 590
Jobs Directly Related to Financial Accounting 591
573 Describe Static and Live Data Connections
575 in Software Packages 593
575 End-of-Chapter Summary Problem 595
Glossary 627
APPENDIX A Apple Inc.Annual Report 2022 633
APPENDIX B Typical Charts of Accounts for Different Types of Businesses 633
APPENDIX C Summary of U.S.Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 633
APPENDIX D Summary of Differences between U.S.GAAP and IFRS Cross Referenced to Chapter 633
APPENDIX E Investments 633
APPENDIX F Time Value of Money 633
